The latest medical research on Clinical Pharmacology

The research magnet gathers the latest research from around the web, based on your specialty area. Below you will find a sample of some of the most recent articles from reputable medical journals about clinical pharmacology gathered by our medical AI research bot.

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Establishment and methodological evaluation of a chemiluminescence assay for detection of anti-envelope protein (E1, E2) antibodies in the serum of hepatitis C virus-infected patients.

Clinical Laboratory

To establish a chemiluminescence method for detecting anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibodies in the serum of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

The microplate was coated with recombinant envelope proteins E1 and E2 by indirect method, respectively, and the kits for detecting anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibodies were prepared. The methodological indexes were evaluated.

The methodological indexes of the kits were as follows: precision test (the variation coefficient of anti-E1 antibody 6.71%-8.95% for within run and 9.91%-12.16% for between run, the variation coefficient of anti-E2 antibody 6.06%-8.44% for within run and 10.77%-13.98% for between run, respectively). The blank limit and detection limit were 1.18 RLIR and 3.16 RLIR for the anti-E1 antibody, and 1.26 RLIR and 3.32 RLIR for the anti-E2 antibody, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) of anti-E1 and anti-E2 were 0.9963 and 0.9828, the analysis and measurement ranges (AMR) were 1.66-41.28 RLIR and 1.55-19.46 RLIR, and the average recovery was 96.4% and 93.7%, respectively. The rheumatoid factor and other positive serum samples had no interference or cross-reaction to the test, and the kits were stable within 15 months. The positive rates of anti-E1 and anti-E2 antibodies in 45 patients with HCV infection were 35.6% (16/45) and 44.4% (20/45), respectively.

The kits for detecting anti-E1 and anti-E2 meet the requirements of methodology, and can be used in screening diagnosis, disease monitoring, prognosis evaluation, disease mechanism, and epidemiological studies of HCV infection. The HCV envelope proteins E1 and E2 have an immune response in HCV-infected patients.

Implementation of medication reviews in community pharmacy: reaching consensus on stakeholders' recommendations for mechanisms of change using the nominal group technique.

International Journal of Epidemiology

Since 2022, patients with five or more medicines are eligible for a medication review (MR) in a community pharmacy remunerated by the German health system. However, implementation has been slow, with few pharmacies providing MRs. Stakeholders' input is necessary to detail how implementation strategies can be executed effectively on a national level. Prior research identified "external facilitation" and "altering incentives" as crucial strategies to achieve implementation outcomes.

To gather stakeholders' recommendations for, and obtain consensus on, mechanisms of change that allow implementation strategies to work in practice.

The consensus method used was the nominal group technique (NGT) with NGT-discussions held separately with pharmacy owners and pharmacy chambers employees. Votes were summed and the relative importance (rI) calculated, defined as (score achieved for a mechanism)/(maximum possible score) × 100. Content analysis provided context for the highest ranked mechanisms and allowed linking to implementation outcomes.

Four NGT-discussions were held in 2023 (n = 2 owners; n = 2 chamber employees) with a total of 17 participants. The overall highest ranked mechanisms were fit-for-purpose software (rI = 154.7) detailed process support (rI = 104.9) and an expert support line (rI = 77.7). These together with financial viability (rI = 40.0) were prioritised by both participant groups. Three mechanisms were favoured for both implementation strategies, namely software, process support and materials (rI = 34.3).

This study identified stakeholders' priorities for mechanisms of change to implement MRs in community pharmacies. Focusing efforts on the prioritised mechanisms is likely to significantly advance a national implementation plan for countries which are at an early implementation stage.

The efficacy of zuranolone versus placebo in postpartum depression and major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

International Journal of Epidemiology

Zuranolone, an oral version of allopregnanolone and neurosteroid, is a novel drug for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) and postpartum depression (PPD).

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the efficacy of zuranolone in the treatment of MDD and PPD.

A systematic search was conducted using EBSCOhost to simultaneously search Academic Search Premier, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL Ultimate, and MEDLINE with Full Text. Two independent reviewers screened the articles and completed a full-text review using Covidence. The quality of each study was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). A meta-analysis was then conducted using Review Manager (RevMan v5.4) software.

The initial search yielded 127 results, with 6 articles fitting our inclusion and exclusion criteria. All 6 studies, comprising 1707 participants, had an overall low risk of bias. There was a significant decrease in HAM-D scores for MDD at 15 days versus placebo (MD - 2.40, 95% CI - 3.07 to - 1.63; p < .001). When pooling data for PDD, there was an overall significant decrease in HAM-D scores at 15 days versus placebo (MD - 4.06, 95% CI - 4.25 to - 3.87; p < .001).

The results suggest that zuranolone can improve symptoms of PPD at 15 days; however, results were not clinically significant for MDD. Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of zuranolone in PPD and the treatment efficacy in MDD.

Lifespan development of thalamic nuclei and characterizing thalamic nuclei abnormalities in schizophrenia using normative modeling.

Neuropsychopharmacology

Thalamic abnormalities have been repeatedly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Uncovering t...

Brain-based graph-theoretical predictive modeling to map the trajectory of anhedonia, impulsivity, and hypomania from the human functional connectome.

Neuropsychopharmacology

Clinical assessments often fail to discriminate between unipolar and bipolar depression and identify individuals who will develop future (hypo)mani...

Clinical decision support for bipolar depression using large language models.

Neuropsychopharmacology

Management of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder remains challenging for clinicians despite the availability of treatment guidelines. In other...

Evaluation of Guideline-Directed Medical Therapy for Outpatients Living with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Pharmacotherapy is the cornerstone of treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The Canadian Cardiovascular Society and Canadian Heart Failure Society have defined guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) as 4 foundational medications. Despite strong recommendations for use of GDMT in HFrEF, current practice alignment with guidelines is unknown.

The primary objectives were to determine the proportion of patients for whom optimized GDMT for HFrEF was prescribed, to describe the doses of foundational medications achieved, and to describe any documented rationale limiting the optimization of GDMT. The secondary objectives were to describe documented pharmacist activities outside of scheduled multidisciplinary appointments at the heart function clinic (HFC) and to describe heart failure-related hospital encounters in 2021.

A retrospective cohort study using medical records of patients with HFrEF who were receiving treatment at the Regina HFC as of December 31, 2021, was conducted.

Of the 129 patients included in the study, 61 (47.3%) were prescribed optimized GDMT. Specifically, within the individual foundational medication classes, 82.2% (106/129), 80.6% (104/129), 79.1% (102/129), and 74.4% (96/129) of patients received optimized therapy with a renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, β-blocker, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, respectively. Documented rationale was not available in 35.8% (38/106) of instances of suboptimal utilization of GDMT and in 41.7% (60/144) of instances of suboptimal dosing of GDMT. The most common documented rationale for suboptimal utilization was intolerance to the medication (33.0% [35/106]), and the most common rationale for suboptimal dosing was intolerance to dose increases (57.6% [83/144]). Pharmacists documented a total of 553 patient care activities for 58.9% (76/129) of the patients, outside scheduled multidisciplinary appointments in the HFC. Sixteen patients (12.4%) had heart failure-related hospital encounters a total of 31 times in 2021.

Although many patients were receiving the benefits of multidisciplinary care at the Regina HFC, there remained a treatment gap in the use of GDMT for HFrEF. These findings will be used to inform strategies to improve clinic processes, including efficient identification of patients requiring optimization of GDMT, who would benefit the most from multidisciplinary care.

Take-Home Naloxone Access and Use among Older Adults Living with Pain: A Scoping Review.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Opioids are a common treatment for older adults living with pain. Given high rates of polypharmacy and chronic comorbidities, older adults are at risk of opioid overdose. Evidence is now available that take-home naloxone (THN) supports reduction of opioid-related harms. It is unknown what THN initiatives are available for older adults, especially those living with chronic pain.

To summarize the literature regarding THN, with a focus on older adults using opioids for pain, including facilitators of and barriers to THN access, knowledge gaps, and pharmacist-led initiatives.

A scoping review, guided by an established framework and PRISMA-ScR guidelines, was performed. Methods involved searching 6 bibliographic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, and PubMed), reference harvesting, and citation tracking. Searches were conducted up to March 2023, with no date limits applied; only English publications were included.

Study eligibility was determined according to preset criteria, including age; discrepancies were resolved by discussion and consensus. Data were extracted and categorized through thematic analysis.

Four studies met the eligibility criteria. All 4 studies detailed THN programs in primary care settings involving older adults taking opioids for pain management. Two of the studies highlighted patient-specific risk factors for opioid overdose, including concomitant use of benzodiazepines and/or gabapentinoids, mean morphine milligram equivalents per day of at least 50, and previous opioid overdose. Two of the studies assessed patient knowledge of opioid overdose management and attitudes toward THN. Educational programs increased patients' interest in THN.

The literature about THN for older adults living with pain is limited, and no literature was found on pharmacist-led initiatives in this area. Future research on THN provision for older adults, including pharmacist-led initiatives, could help to optimize care for older adults living with pain.

Prescribing Portraits to Optimize Prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Long-Term Care: PPI-T STOP Study.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medications in Canada, particularly for older adults (at least 65 years of age). Overprescribing of long-term PPIs leads to health care system waste and is associated with adverse effects, including infections and fractures. The high prevalence of PPI prescribing in long-term care (LTC) facilities prompted an evaluation of systematic approaches to PPI deprescribing.

To assess the impact of individualized prescribing portraits, a type of audit-and-feedback quality improvement intervention, on PPI deprescribing in the LTC setting.

This prospective, nonblinded, uncontrolled, pre-post quality improvement study was conducted from December 2021 to April 2022 at a 126-bed LTC facility in Vancouver, British Columbia. A PPI prescribing portrait was developed for each prescriber (n = 5) at the LTC facility, containing the prescriber's personal PPI prescribing metrics as compared with those of their peers across all LTC facilities within the same health authority; an evidence summary for PPI deprescribing; and a personalized list of the prescriber's PPI-treated residents, along with their respective PPI indications and strategies for PPI deprescribing. Three months after the prescribers received their PPI prescribing portraits, the number and types of PPI deprescribing orders were recorded.

The implementation of prescribing portraits resulted in 17 (61%) of 28 PPI-treated residents receiving a deprescribing order by the end of the study period. Of the 28 PPI-treated residents, 20 were determined to be eligible for PPI deprescribing according to the evidence summary presented in the prescribing portrait; of these 20 residents, 16 (80%) appropriately received PPI deprescribing.

Individualized prescribing portraits had the potential to increase evidence-based PPI deprescribing among LTC residents, beyond the extent of deprescribing previously achieved through standard of care.

Characterization of Antithrombotic Regimens for Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Obesity Discharged from Cardiology Wards.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Despite data derived from observational studies, optimal anticoagulation strategies have yet to be established for patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and obesity.

To describe direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) regimens prescribed for adult patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who weighed more than 120 kg.

This single-centre, retrospective cohort study, conducted in the Saskatchewan Health Authority - Regina Area, involved adult patients with body weight greater than 120 kg who had an indication for oral anticoagulation to treat nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and were discharged by a cardiologist between June 2019 and July 2021.

A total of 62 patients were included (median weight 135 kg). At discharge, DOACs were prescribed for 57 (92%) of the patients and warfarin for 5 (8%). In numeric terms, patients receiving warfarin were at higher risk of thromboembolism or thrombosis; however, the small sample size limited the ability to draw conclusions.

Practice patterns in the Saskatchewan Health Authority - Regina Area indicated substantial use of DOACs for patients with body weight greater than 120 kg; however, for those with the highest weights, warfarin was still in use.

Clinical Pharmacy Services in Canadian Emergency Departments: A 2022 National Survey.

Canadian Journal of Psychiatry

Support for the role of an emergency department (ED) clinical pharmacy team is evidence-based and recognized in numerous professional guidelines, yet previous literature suggests a low prevalence of ED clinical pharmacy services in Canadian hospitals.

To update (from a survey conducted in 2013) the description and quantification of clinical pharmacy services in Canadian EDs.

All Canadian hospitals with an ED and at least 50 acute care beds were contacted to identify the presence of dedicated ED pharmacy services (defined as at least 0.5 full-time equivalent [FTE] position). Three separate electronic surveys were distributed by email to ED pharmacy team members (if available), pharmacy managers (at hospitals without an ED pharmacy team), and ED managers (all hospitals). The surveys were completed between November 2021 and January 2022.

Of the 254 hospitals identified, 117 (46%) had at least 0.5 FTE clinical pharmacy services in the ED (based on initial telephone screening). Of the 51 (44%) of 115 ED pharmacy team survey responses included in the analysis, 94% (48/51) had pharmacists and 55% (28/51) had pharmacy technicians. The majority of pharmacy managers and ED managers identified the need for ED pharmacy services where such services did not exist. Inadequate funding, competing priorities, and lack of training remain the most commonly reported barriers to providing this service. Personal safety concerns were reported by 20% (10/51) of respondents.

Although the establishment of clinical pharmacy services in Canadian EDs has grown over the past 8 years, lack of funding and ED-specific training continue to limit this evidence-supported role in Canadian hospitals.

A qualitative study exploring the challenges and enablers of pharmacists with a recent background in community pharmacy transitioning into primary care.

International Journal of Epidemiology

Pharmacists are an increasing part of the primary care health care team in Scotland. Recruitment to this expanding sector has largely come from community pharmacy. However, it is unknown if these pharmacists have specific needs to perform their role within the primary care team.

To explore the perceived challenges and enablers of community pharmacists transitioning into primary care pharmacist roles.

Eight pharmacists (5 female, 3 male, median age 32) across Scotland's largest regional health board who previously practised in community pharmacy participated in a recorded, semi-structured interview via Microsoft Teams® to explore their challenges and enablers of transition into primary care. Recordings were transcribed, verified, and thematic analysis then undertaken.

Five themes were identified: challenging transition, transferable skills, transferable training from community pharmacy, training needs for primary care role, and benefits of structured learning. Participants reported lack of opportunity to apply their clinical knowledge and for professional development in community pharmacy.

Pharmacists in our study reported a range of challenges (such as examination skills, improved clinical and therapeutics knowledge) required to practice in primary care, while their regular patient contact and knowledge of community pharmacy workings enabled their transition. Previous sectors of practice should be taken into consideration when inducting pharmacists into a new role and background specific inductions may need to be implemented to support these pharmacists work autonomously at an advanced level.