The latest medical research on Eye Cancer

Dry eye disease (DED), a multifactorial disease of the lacrimal system, manifests itself in patients with various symptoms such as itching, inflammation, discomfort and visual impairment. In its most severe forms, it results in the breakdown of the vital tissues of lacrimal functional unit and carries the risk of vision loss. Despite the frequency of occurrence of the disease, there are no effective curative treatment options available to date. Treatment using stem cells and its secreted factors could be a promising approach in the regeneration of damaged tissues of ocular surface. The treatment using secreted factors as well as extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated beneficial effects in various ocular surface diseases. This review provides insights on the usage of stem cell derived exosomes as a promising therapy against LG dysfunction induced ADDE for ocular surface repair.

In order to gain an overview of the existing research in this field, literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Medline, Scopus and Web of Science databases. This review is based on 164 publications until June 2024 and the literature search was carried out using the key words "exosomes", "lacrimal gland regeneration", "exosomes in lacrimal dysfunction".

The literature and studies till date suggest that exosomes and other secreted factors from stem cells have demonstrated beneficial effects on damaged ocular tissues in various ocular surface diseases. Exosomal cargo plays a crucial role in regenerating tissues by promoting homeostasis in the lacrimal system, which is often compromised in severe cases of dry eye disease. Exosome therapy shows promise as a regenerative therapy, potentially addressing the lack of effective curative treatments available for patients with dry eye disease.

Stem cell-derived exosomes represent a promising, innovative approach as a new treatment option for ADDE. By targeting lacrimal gland dysfunction and enhancing ocular surface repair, exosome therapy offers potential for significant advances in dry eye disease management. Future research is needed to refine the application of this therapy, optimize delivery methods, and fully understand its long-term efficacy in restoring ocular health.

To investigate the longitudinal relationship between myopia and retinal shape in Chinese children.

A total of 2471 seven-year-old Chinese children were measured for axial length, anterior corneal radius of curvature, anterior chamber depth, lens thickness, central spherical equivalent, and peripheral refractions along the horizontal meridian (±15°, ±30°) under cycloplegia. Retinal shape was fitted using vertex radius of curvature, asphericity, and an offset. The areas under the horizontal retinal curve, the nasal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve and the temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve, were calculated. Children were tested annually for 5 years from year 0 to 4, with 1123 newly developed myopes divided into eight subgroups based on relative time to myopia onset.

In follow-up subgroups, vertex radius of curvature showed positive correlations with central spherical equivalent from years 1 to 4. Smaller temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve was associated with negative central spherical equivalent each year. Myopic shift (Δcentral spherical equivalent) was negatively correlated with baseline central spherical equivalent and with greater change in areas under the horizontal retinal curve from year 0 to 4. The absolute change in temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve (0.39 ± 1.15 mm2) was significantly larger than the absolute change in nasal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve (0.05 ± 1.11 mm2) over the 4 years. In myopia onset subgroups, temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve was significantly smaller than nasal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve. The ratio of temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve/nasal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve was closest to 1 in the year before myopia onset and decreased as myopia developed. Vertex radius of curvature, areas under the horizontal retinal curve, and temporal side of areas under the horizontal retinal curve decreased linearly as myopia progressed.

A progressive steepening of the horizontal posterior retina was associated with myopia progression. Myopia shift was negatively correlated with baseline central spherical equivalent and with greater change in posterior retinal shape. As myopia progressed, the horizontal retina shape displayed increased asymmetry.

To compare the visual outcomes, rate of cystoid macular edema (CME), and additional associated complications in eyes that exhibited zonular dialysis (ZD) during phacoemulsification to a reference group of uneventful phacoemulsification eyes.

A retrospective multicenter comparative database study. We pooled data from 8 United Kingdom sites between 2003 and 2015. The main outcome measures were the mean postoperative visual acuity (VA) at 12-24 weeks and the rates of CME and additional associated complications.

We included 1074 eyes in the ZD group and 112,479 in the reference group. Logistic regression analysis showed that pseudoexfoliation was the strongest associated factor of ZD (OR: 6.1), followed by previous glaucoma surgery (OR: 4.4). Mean logMAR preoperative VA was 0.8 ± 0.6 in the ZD group vs. 0.6 ± 0.5 in the reference group (p < 0.001). Mean postoperative VA was worse in the ZD group (p < 0.001); 0.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.3 and 0.5 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.3 at 4-12 weeks and 12-24 weeks, respectively. At 12-24 weeks, the proportions of eyes that gained ≥0.3 logMAR units were 50% in the ZD group vs. 62% in the reference group (p < 0.001). In the ZD group, the most common intraoperative complication was vitreous loss (34.3%), followed by posterior capsular rupture (PCR) (11.1%). Postoperative CME occurred in 2.3% vs. 1.4% (p = 0.01), and 9.3% of eyes required surgery for correction of aphakia, intraocular lens decentration, or dropped lens figments removal.

The occurrence of ZD was associated with worse postoperative vision, an increased rate of vitreous loss and PCR, and a higher risk of CME.