The latest medical research on Kidney Cancer

The research magnet gathers the latest research from around the web, based on your specialty area. Below you will find a sample of some of the most recent articles from reputable medical journals about kidney cancer gathered by our medical AI research bot.

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Pitfalls of Current Diagnostic Criteria of Tumor Lysis Syndrome.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Tumor Lysis syndrome (TLS) is a well-recognized medical emergency in patients with cancer diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria of TLS have been revised many times since it was recognized, but still have many drawbacks limit diagnosis accuracy.

Causes of AKI in patients with cancer other than TLS should be considered. Because current diagnostic criteria may miss those differential diagnosis, specific biomarkers that can tell when TLS is the underlying process is an important need, besides appropriate criteria that can jump over the pitfalls in the current criteria and enhance the recognition of TLS among other causes.

Focus on Upper Urinary Tract Stones Combined With Parenchymal Infiltrative Renal Pelvis Cancer.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Upper urinary tract stones combined with parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer is challenging to detect on imaging, and to evaluate the differential diagnosis.

The symptoms and diagnoses in three cases of parenchymal infiltrative renal pelvic cancer and upper urinary tract stones that occurred between June 2019 and June 2022 were reviewed. Primary symptoms of lumbar discomfort and hemoturia were evident in all three patients. Preoperative Computed Tomography (CT) abdominal imaging revealed that all three cases had hydronephrosis along with renal stones, while the other two cases only had localized hypoenhancement of the renal parenchyma, which was only thought to be limited inflammatory changes in the renal cortex as a result of the combination of renal pelvis infection. After percutaneous nephrolithotomy or ureteroscopic lithotripsy, a combined renal pelvis tumor was discovered in all of these instances. Radical tumor surgery was later performed. One patient who had several tumor metastases passed away six months after surgery. A case with multiple metastases was discovered 15 months after surgery and survived with the help of the current chemotherapy. A case with a bladder tumor recurrence was discovered 16 months after surgery and had transurethral bladder tumor electrosurgery and routine bladder perfusion chemotherapy.

Upper urinary tract stones and parenchymal infiltrative pyel carcinoma have atypical imaging, easily confused with infectious diseases. CT or Computed Tomography Urography (CTU) must be considered by urologists. Patients who have a CT with local renal parenchyma density should be suspected of having parenchymal invasive renal pelvis carcinoma; a needle biopsy ought to be performed; repeat biopsies may be performed if necessary. High-risk individuals need multiple, sufficient biopsies as needed and a comprehensive intraoperative assessment of the renal pelvic mucosa.

Five-year Trajectory about Screening for Complication of Diabetes Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality : Focusing on Regional Difference.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

The overall screening rate for complication of diabetes kidney disease is improving; however, regional variations are increasing. It is necessary to select regions vulnerable to change and understand their characteristics.

Group-based trajectory analysis was performed to derive change patterns in the complication of diabetes kidney disease screening rate in 244 regions using Community Health Survey data between 2015 and 2019. ANOVA test was conducted to examine the differences in regional characteristics and CVD in each change pattern.

The change patterns in complication of diabetes kidney disease screening rate were classified into four groups: high and rapidly increasing (Group 1, 5.2%), steady high (Group 2, 8.2%), moderate and increasing (Group 3, 52.9%), and low and slightly increasing (Group 4, 23.8%). Group 4 had many rural areas and worse socioeconomic status, healthcare systems, health behaviors, and diabetes management, and these regions had higher CVD mortality rates.

Regions where the screening for complication of diabetes kidney disease rate did not improve compared to other regions were vulnerable not only in socioeconomic status, healthcare system, and health behavior, but also in disease management. This suggests the need for local and environmental support, as well as aggressive health service interventions in relatively vulnerable areas.

The importance of early diagnosis and intervention in chronic kidney disease: Calls-to-action from nephrologists based mainly in Central/Eastern Europe.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a global prevalence of 9.1-13.4%. Comorbidities are abundant and may cause and affect CKD. Cardiovascul...

Combined effects of the serum IgA/C3 ratio and glomerular C3 staining on the renal outcome in adult IgA nephropathy.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of the serum IgA/C3 ratio and glomerular C3 deposits in kidney biopsy in adult IgA nephropathy.

The study included 718 adult IgAN patients diagnosed based on kidney biopsy. Patients without corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs >1 month were regularly followed up for at least 1 year or until the study endpoint. The optimum serum IgA/C3 ratio was calculated by the AUROC-based cutoff ratio. Proteinuria, creatinine, eGFR, serum IgA, and serum C3 were evaluated at baseline. Kidney biopsy was categorized using the Oxford classification, with a calculation of the MEST-C score. The degree of glomerular C3 staining was semiquantitatively determined (Grade 0, no or trace; Grade 1, mild; Grade 2, moderate; Grade 3, marked) by immunofluorescence microscopy. The patients were divided into four groups by the serum IgA/C3 ratio and glomerular C3 staining.

The baseline data suggested that when the serum IgA/C3 ratio was at the same level, patients with a high glomerular C3 staining score (≥2) always had mesangial proliferation, segmental glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis (Group 1 vs Group 2; Group 3 vs Group 4). When glomerular C3 staining was at the same level, proteinuria was significantly higher in patients with serum IgA/C3<2.806 (Group 1 vs Group 3; Group 2 vs Group 4), which was contrary to previous studies that have suggested that the serum level of IgA/C3 was associated with disease severity. Hence, this study set out to investigate the combined effects of the serum IgA/C3 ratio and glomerular C3 staining on the renal outcome in adult IgA nephropathy. Renal survival analysis indicated that serum IgA/C3 ≥2.806 and glomerular C3 staining ≥2 (Group 1) may be correlated with a poorer prognosis, especially in different clinicopathological characteristics of IgAN patients based on the subgroup analysis. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that hypertension, serum creatinine, CKD stage, T1/2 and C3 staining were independent predictive factors of renal survival.

The combination of serum IgA/C3 and C3 staining may contribute to improved optimization of the prognostic model in IgAN patients, especially patients with different sexes and degrees of disease. However, further study is required for validation in the future.

Multi-omics Integrated Analysis of the Protective Effect of EZH2 inhibition in Mice with Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common clinical syndrome associated with high morbidity and mortality. Inhibition of the methyltransferase Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) by its inhibitor 3-DZNeP (3-Deazaneplanocin A) exerts renal benefits in acute renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). However, the underlying mechanisms is not completely known. This study aimed to elucidate the pathological mechanism of EZH2 in renal IRI by combination of multi-omics analysis and expression profiling in a public clinical cohort.

In this study, C57BL/6J mice were used to establish acute kidney injury model, which were treated with 3-DZNeP for 24 hours. Kidney samples were collected for RNA-seq analysis, which was combined with publicly available EZH2-ChIP-seq data of mouse embryonic stem cell for a joint analysis to identify differentially expressed genes. Several selected differentially expressed genes were verified by quantitative PCR. Finally, single-nucleus sequencing data and expression profiling in public clinical datasets were used to confirm the negative correlation of the selected genes with EZH2 expression.

3-DZNeP treatment significantly improved renal pathology and function in IRI mice. Through RNA-seq analysis combined with EZH2 ChIP-seq database, 162 differentially expressed genes were found, which might be involved in EZH2-mediated pathology in IRI kidneys. Four differential expressed genes (Scd1, Cidea, Ghr, and Kl) related to lipid metabolism or cell growth were selected based on GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, which were validated by quantitative PCR. Data from snRNA-seq revealed the negative correlation of these four genes with Ezh2 expression in different subpopulations of proximal tubular cells in IRI mice in different pattern. Finally, the negative correlation of these four genes with EZH2 expression was confirmed in patients with acute kidney injury in two clinical datasets.

Our study indicates that Scd1, Cidea, Ghr, and Kl are downstream genes regulated by EZH2 in AKI. Upregulation of EZH2 in AKI inhibits the expression of these four genes in different population of proximal tubular cells to minimize normal physiological function, and promote acute or chronic cell injuries following acute kidney injury.

Hemodynamic Renal Reserve Response in Conscious Normotensive and Hypertensive Mice.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Introduction Renal function may be compromised following recovery from kidney insults. Renal functional reserve (RFR) is a measure of the differenc...

Molecular Pathogenic Mechanisms of IgA Nephropathy Secondary to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Accumulating evidence has disclosed that IgA nephropathy (IgAN) could present shortly after the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. However, the undying mechanism remains unclear and we aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms.

We downloaded gene expression datasets of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination (GSE201535) and IgAN (GSE104948). Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify co-expression modules related to the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and IgAN. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, and a transcription factor (TF)-miRNA regulatory network and protein-drug interaction were constructed for the shared genes.

WGCNA identified one module associated with the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and four modules associated with IgAN. Gene Ontology (GO) analyses revealed enrichment of cell cycle-related processes for the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine hub genes and immune effector processes for the IgAN hub genes. We identified 74 DEGs for the second dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and 574 DEGs for IgAN. Intersection analysis with COVID-19 vaccine-related genes led to the identification of two shared genes, TOP2A and CEP55. The TF-miRNA network analysis showed that hsa-miR-144 and ATF1 might regulate the shared hub genes.

This study provides insights into the common pathogenesis of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and IgAN. The identified pivotal genes may offer new directions for further mechanistic studies of IgAN secondary to COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

In vitro evaluation of the calcification inhibitory properties of Policosanol, Genistein and Vitamin D (Reduplaxin®) either alone or in combination.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

The process of vascular calcification has severe clinical consequences in a number of diseases, including diabetes, atherosclerosis, and end-stage renal disease. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Policosanol, Genistein and Vitamin D separately and in association to evaluate the possible synergistic action on inorganic phosphate (Pi)-induced calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMCs) Methods: Primary Human VSMCs were cultured with either Growth Medium or Growth medium Supplemented with Calcium and Phosphorus (Calcification Medium) in combination with Policosanol, Genistein and Vitamin D. Alizarin red staining, Mineralization and the protein expression of RUNX2 and Superoxide Dismutase-2 (SOD-2) were investigated.

All three substances tested were effective at reducing osteogenic differentiation of VSMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Poli+Gen, Poli+VitD, Gen+VitD treatment induced a greater inhibition of calcification and RUNX2 expression compared to single compounds treatments. Moreover the association of Poli+Gen+VitD (Reduplaxin®) was more effective at inhibiting VSMCs mineralization and preventing the increase in RUNX-2 expression induced by Calcification Medium but not modified SOD-2 expression.

The association of Pol, Gen and Vit D (Reduplaxin®) has an additive inhibitory effect on the calcification process of VSMCs induced in vitro by a pro-calcifying medium.

SGLT2 inhibitors decrease overhydration and proteasuria in patients with chronic kidney disease: a longitudinal observational study.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

SGLT2 inhibitors are used to reduce the risk of progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with type 2 diabetes, they have been found to reduce extracellular volume. Given the high prevalence of extracellular volume expansion and overhydration in CKD, we investigated whether SGLT2 inhibitors might correct these disturbances in CKD patients.

CKD patients who started treatment with an SGLT2 inhibitor were investigated in this prospective observational study for 6 months. Body composition and fluid status were measured by bioimpedance spectroscopy. In addition, spot urine samples were analyzed for albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive serine protease activity.

42 patients (29 % with diabetic/hypertensive CKD, 31 % with IgA nephropathy; 88 % dapagliflozin 10 mg, 10 % dapagliflozin 5 mg, 2 % empagliflozin 20 mg; median eGFR 46 mL/min/1.73m² and albuminuria 1911 mg/g creatinine) participated in the study. Median glucosuria increased to 14 (10-19) g/g creatinine. At baseline, patients displayed overhydration (OH) with + 0.4 (-0.2 - 2.2) L/1.73m² which decreased by 0.5 (0.1 - 1.2) L/1.73m² after 6 months. Decrease of OH correlated with higher OH at BL, decrease of albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive protease activity. Adipose tissue mass was not significantly reduced after 6 months.

SGLT2 inhibitors reduce overhydration in patients with CKD, which is pronounced in the presence of high albuminuria, glucosuria and urinary aprotinin-sensitive protease activity.

Kidney Injury by Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction in Mice Lacks Sex Differences.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Renal fibrosis is a critical event in the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and it is considered the final common pathway for all types of CKD. The prevalence of CKD is higher in females; however, males have a greater prevalence of end stage renal disease (ESRD). In addition, low birth weight and low nephron number are associated with increased risk for CKD. This study examined the development and severity of unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO) induced renal fibrosis in male and female wild-type (ROP +/+) and mutant (ROP Os/+) mice, a mouse model of low nephron number.

Male and female ROP +/+ and ROP Os/+ mice were subjected to UUO, and kidney tissue collected at the end of the 10-day experimental period. Kidney histological analysis and mRNA expression determined renal fibrosis, tubular injury, collagen deposition, extracellular matrix proteins, and immune cell infiltration.

Male and female UUO mice demonstrated marked renal injury, kidney fibrosis, and renal extracellular matrix production. Renal fibrosis and α-smooth muscle actin were increased to a similar degree in ROP +/+ and ROP Os/+ mice with UUO of either sex. There were also no sex differences in renal tubular cast formation or renal infiltration of macrophage in ROP +/+ and ROP Os/+ UUO mice. Interestingly, renal fibrosis and α-smooth muscle actin was 1.5-3-fold greater in UUO ROP +/+ compared to UUO ROP Os/+ mice. Renal inflammation phenotypes following UUO were also 30-45% greater in ROP +/+ compared to ROP Os/+ mice. Likewise, expression of extracellular matrix and renal fibrotic genes was greater in UUO ROP +/+ mice compared to UUO ROP Os/+ mice. In contrast to these findings, ROP Os/+ mice with UUO demonstrated glomerular hypertrophy with 50% greater glomerular tuft area compared to ROP +/+ with UUO. Glomerular hypertrophy was not sex dependent in any of the genotypes of ROP mice. These findings provide evidence that low nephron number contributes to UUO-induced glomerular hypertrophy in ROP Os/+ mice but does not enhance renal fibrosis, inflammation and renal tubular injury.

Taken together, we demonstrate that low nephron number contributes to enhanced glomerular hypertrophy but not kidney fibrosis and tubular injury. We also demonstrate that none of the changes caused by UUO was affected by sex in any of the ROP mice genotypes.

Dapagliflozin does not protect against adriamycin-induced kidney injury in mice.

Kidney and Blood Pressure Research

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors target SGLT2 in renal proximal tubules and promote glycosuria in type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans and animal models, resulting in reduced blood glucose levels. Although clinical trials have shown that SGLT2 inhibitors attenuate the progression of chronic kidney disease, there have been concerns regarding SGLT2-induced acute kidney injury. In this study, we investigated the effect of SGLT2 inhibitors on adriamycin-induced kidney injury in mice.

Seven-week-old balb/c mice were injected with adriamycin 11.5 mg/kg via the tail vein. Additionally, dapagliflozin was administered via gavage for 2 weeks. The mice were divided into five groups: vehicle, dapagliflozin 3 mg/kg, adriamycin, adriamycin plus dapagliflozin 1 mg/kg, and adriamycin plus dapagliflozin 3 mg/kg.

Adriamycin injection reduced the body weight and food and water intakes. Dapagliflozin also decreased the body weight and food and water intakes. Fasting blood glucose and urine volume were not altered by either adriamycin or dapagliflozin. Once adriamycin-induced kidney injury had developed, there were no differences in systolic blood pressure among the groups. Dapagliflozin did not alleviate proteinuria in adriamycin-induced kidney injury. Adriamycin induced significant glomerular and interstitial injury, but dapagliflozin did not attenuate these changes in renal injury. Interstingly, SGLT2 expressions were different between the cortex and medulla of kidneys by dapagliflozin treatment. Dapagliflozin increased SGLT2 expression in medulla, not in cortex.

Dapagliflozin had no effect on proteinuria or inflammatory changes such as glomerular and tubular damages in adriamycin-induced kidney injury. Our study suggests that dapagliflozin does not protect against adriamycin-induced kidney injury. More experimental studies regarding the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on various kidney diseases are needed to clarify the underlying mechanisms.